This article examines the ethical and legal implications of conscience clauses, which allow pharmacists to refuse to fill prescriptions for oral contraceptives due to their belief that they may constitute abortifacients. The author provides an informative background on contraception and the history of how abortion has been viewed in this country, then takes a critical look at some of the consci...

BACKGROUND We designed a study to assess the association of oral contraceptive use and the development of breast cancer for women in the following groups: (1) ever oral contraceptive users, (2) long-term oral contraceptive users, and (3) oral contraceptive users before a first full-term pregnancy. METHODS A MEDLINE search of studies published in English from 1966 to 1990 was conducted using t...

The effect of oral contraceptive agents (OCA) on riboflavin nutritional status of women of child-bearing age in a low socioeconomic population was studied. For a control group, 100 women in the same age and socioeconomic group using alternate forms of contraception were selected. Riboflavin deficiency was determined by measuring erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity, a reliable index of th...

background: multiple sclerosis (ms) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. etiology of the disease is not well understood; however, it is more common in women than in men and occurs mainly during reproductive age. the aim of this study was to evaluate some risk factors in women of childbearing age with ms in isfahan province. methods: this analytic case–control study was conduc...

The Lactobacillus (Doderlein's bacillus) (Wilson and Miles, 1964) had been regarded as the preponderant micro-organism in the vagina, at least after puberty. During the 1960s a re-examination of the microbiology of the vagina was prompted by the widespread use of potent antibacterial agents and of oral contraceptives (Krupp and St. Romain, 1960; Morris and Morris, 1967; Morris, 1969). During th...

Recently, mainstream English-language news organisations have been reporting that a 'male pill' will soon be available. A common theme running through many published articles is that women will not trust men to use these new male contraceptives, though rarely is evidence provided to support this claim. In order to understand this disconnect between women's distrust for men as a group and their ...

this study was performed to identify endometrial cancer risk factors. in a case series study on 1989-1996 , we assessed endometrial cancer in 52 patients whose age range was 32-80 years, with 73% over fifty years. obesity was seen in 68% at time of cancer detection , and 69% were in the postmenopausal age, with a history of late menopause in 21%. as a matter of parity 13% were nulliparous, and ...

The relationship of contraceptive history to diagnostic category of amenorrhoea was analysed in 131 consecutively investigated cases of secondary amenorrhoea. Amenorrhoea occurred in 52 patients immediately after discontinuing the oral contraceptive. Twenty-two had had amenorrhoea before oral contraceptive treatment and 23 patients before the episode of non-contraceptive-related amenorrhoea inv...