Oral delivery of agents such as vaccines offers a number of significant advantages over parenteral routes, yet only a small number of oral vaccines are routinely available today. The small intestine contains lymphoid aggregates that are overlaid by M cells. These aggregates are part of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and are important for determining host responses to particulate antigenic ...

Antibody production and clinical efficacy (relative percent survival RPS) were measured in 40±5g rainbow trout after immunization with two types of Streptococcus iniae vaccines consisting of formalin killed cells (FKC) and FKC enriched with the bacterial extracellular products (ECP) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p), immersion and oral routes at 16±1 ̊C for 18 weeks. No significant differenc...

The increasing death toll from malaria, due to the decreasing effectiveness of current prophylactic and therapeutic regimens, has sparked a search for alternative methods of control, such as vaccines. Although several single proteins have shown some promise as subunit vaccines against sexual blood stages in experimental systems, it is clear that multicomponent vaccines are required. Many logist...

OBJECTIVE Although it has been shown that prophylactic vaccination can induce genital immunity, there is inadequate information on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine-induced oral immunity, which is of particular interest due to HPV-associated oropharyngeal malignancies and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Therefore, we assessed the efficacy of various HPV vaccines against oral HPV pseudovi...

Despite the heavy burden of diarrhoeal disease across much of the tropical world, only two diarrhoea-causing pathogens, cholera and rotavirus, are the target of commercially available vaccines. Oral vaccines are generally less immunogenic than the best parenteral vaccines, but the reasons for this are still debated. Over the past decade, several lines of evidence from work in experimental anima...

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex continues to affect humans and animals worldwide and its control requires vaccination of wildlife reservoir species such as Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Vaccination efforts for TB control in wildlife have been based primarily on oral live BCG formulations. However, this is t...

In most developing countries the dog remains the major transmission vector of rabies to man, despite the widespread use of parenteral vaccination. Parenteral vaccination does not, in general, achieve population immunity levels high enough to inhibit rabies transmission within the dog population. Following the demonstration that oral vaccination induced levels of population immunity sufficient t...

Although rabies incidence has fallen sharply over the past decades in Europe, the disease is still present in Eastern Europe. Oral rabies immunization of wild animal rabies has been shown to be the most effective method for the control and elimination of rabies. All rabies vaccines used in Europe are modified live virus vaccines based on the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) strain isolated from a ...

Background. U65, a self-aggregating peptide scaffold, traps fused protein antigens in yeast cells. Conversion to Yeast Cell Particle (YCP) vaccines by partial removal of surface mannoproteins exposes β-glucan, mediating efficient uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). YCP vaccines are inexpensive, capable of rapid large-scale production and have potential for both parenteral and oral use. R...

The Gram negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae (Vc) causes cholera, an enteric disease that has killed untold numbers of humans. In the 19 th century, whole-cell (W-C) cholera vaccines were tested in humans. Field trials (1960s70s) of injected, killed W-C (kW-C) Vc showed cholera-specific immune responses (antibodies, Abs) could be induced with a single dose in certain cohorts, but more durable i...