Abttract: Electrodiagnostic Study of Brainstem Strokes • The orbicularis oculi reflex elicited by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve was studied in 39 cases with vascular lesions of the brainstem (four mesencephalic, 14 pontine, 13 medullary and eight multilevel), six cases following severe anoxic episodes and two cases of traumatic brainstem lesions. The early reflex (normal late...

Despite the extensive use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) in treatments for glabellar frown lines, the dose-response effect in the glabellar muscles remains unknown. The aim of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study was to characterize the neurophysiological parameters that correlate with the effect of BoNT-A in the glabellar muscles and its diffusion to surround...

BACKGROUND Natural adhesion between the levator aponeurosis and the subcutaneous layer in the upper lid is essential for an aesthetically pleasing double eyelid. The study aims to emphasize the outer fascia of orbicularis oculi muscle (OFOOM) as a fixation point on the double eyelid surgery. METHODS The authors examined the detailed anatomy of the anterior lamella microscopically during 28 ca...

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the difficulty level of a biofeedback device for postural correction on the orbicularis oculi and upper trapezius muscle activity and trunk flexion angle during computer work. [Subjects] Ten computer workers were included in this study. [Methods] The biofeedback tool used in this study provided visual and auditory feedback wit...

We simultaneously determined the neuromuscular blocking effect of mivacurium 0.2 mg kg(-1) at five muscles in 20 women undergoing gynaecological surgery. Evoked electromyographic responses were obtained using surface electromyography (EMG) at the adducting laryngeal muscles, the diaphragm (lateral to vertebrae T12/L1 or L1/L2) and the adductor pollicis muscle and acceleromyographic (AMG) respon...

BACKGROUND Lower lid blepharoplasty has potential for significant long-lasting complications and marginal aesthetic outcomes if not performed correctly, or if one disregards the anatomical aspects of the orbicularis oculi muscle. This has detracted surgeons from performing the technical maneuvers necessary for optimal periorbital rejuvenation. A simplified, "five-step" clinical approach based o...

Vasovagal reflex may cause benign self-limiting syncope triggered by factors such as pain and emotional stress. However, rarely, it cardiac arrest requiring urgent resuscitation, which has heretofore not been reported during blepharoplasty. In this report, the case of a 28-year-old man who underwent blepharoplasty under local anesthesia is presented. He suddenly experienced bradycardia subseque...

We aimed to microscopically examine whether Caucasian eyelids demonstrate overriding of preseptal orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) over the pretarsal OOM in both lower and upper eyelids. Full thickness sections of 13 lower eyelids and 11 upper eyelids from seven Caucasian cadavers were examined. In the lower eyelids, all 13 specimens demonstrated clear overriding of preseptal OOM over the pretars...

Brain lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis may lead to abnormal excitability of brainstem reflex circuits because of impairment of descending control pathways. We hypothesized that such abnormality should show in the analysis of blink reflex responses in the form of asymmetries in response size. The study was done in 20 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 12 matched ...