Chemical control of insects is considered one of the most beneficial developments of civilization (Klassen & Schwartz, 1983). As long ago as 1000 B.C., sulfur compounds were used to control insects in Asia Minor (National Academy of Science, 1969). However, the extensive use of chemicals to control pests has developed only in the last 150 years. The first example of large-scale effective chemic...

The Guthion-resistant strain of walnut aphid parasite, Trioxys pallidus, was reared in the greenhouse on potted walnut trees and released into a commercialwalnut block near Gridley during the 1989 growing season where it established, survived Guthion,and spread to an adjacent blocktreated with Lorsban. Aphidand parasite counts suggest the parasites controlled the aphids in both the Guthionand L...

The aim of this research was to investigate the environmental impacts of olive fruit production under different orchard size and upon organic and common agro-systems through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology in Rudbar region, Guilan province, northern Iran. The data were collected using a self-structured questionnaire and face-to-face interview with 305 olive growers in the study region. ...

Indaziflam, a broad-spectrum, pre-emergence herbicide was the focus of a field investigation conducted after the identification of sporadic injury symptoms on the pecan trees a few months after the application. The study was conducted in two pecan orchards located in southern New Mexico, USA, and southeastern Arizona, USA. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the occurrence and distrib...

The current terrestrial risk assessment of insecticides regarding nontarget arthropods considers exclusively beneficial organisms, whereas herbivorous insects, such as grasshoppers, are ignored. However, grasshoppers living in field margins or meadows adjacent to crops may potentially be exposed to insecticides due to contact with or ingestion of contaminated food. Therefore, the present study ...

A field survey was conducted in Ataulfo mango (Mangifera indica L.) orchards in Chiapas, Mexico, with the objective of determining the natural enemies of the Frankliniella complex species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Seven species of this genus feed and reproduce in large numbers during the mango flowering. Two representative orchards were selected: the orchard "Tres A" characterized by an intens...

ABSTRACT Acquisition of resistance to sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) by populations of Venturia inaequalis was investigated using a microscopical method developed by C. Siebels and K. Mendgen. Microscopical analysis of conidiophore formation enabled the earlier detection of resistance and a clearer distinction between DMI-resistant and DMI-sensitive populations than other in vivo method...

Epiphytic bryophytes on apple treeswere investigated in relation to a selection of tree characteristics. Management of orchard trees for fruit production affects the habitats available for colonisation and growth of epiphytes on trunks and branches. Bryophytes recorded on Bramley’s Seedling apple trees in orchards in Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire showed a high level of similarity in species ...

To efficiently plan and deploy wireless sensor networks in palm orchards, it is crucial to obtain preliminary knowledge of radio signal propagation and strength distribution characteristics. Various received signal strength indicator (RSSI) measurements were taken with antennas, operating with a 2.4-GHz band and located 0.05 m away from trunks. The RSSI measurements, at seven different antenna ...