Abstract The word “Design” is used in many ways. But most of them consider it from the standpoint artificial or man-made. In other words, as “Human Intelligence”, we should remember are born to “Design”. That “Instinct”. We with instinct survive. “Instint” “Natural Intelligence”. “Instinct” plays an important role for making decisions. decision making, need prioritze them. If first one fails sa...

Recently, Schlicht and Stephan lifted the notion of automatic-structures to the notion of (finite-word) ordinal-automatic structures. These are structures whose domain and relations can be represented by automata reading finite words whose shape is some fixed ordinal α. We lift Delhommé’s relative-growth-technique from the automatic and tree-automatic setting to the ordinal-automatic setting. T...

How do we compare the complexities of various classes of structures? The Turing ordinal of a class of structures, introduced by Jockusch and Soare, is defined in terms of the number of jumps required for coding to be possible. The back-and-forth ordinal, introduced by Montalbán, is defined in terms of Σα-types. The back-and-forth ordinal is (roughly) bounded by the Turing ordinal. In this paper...

Article history: Received 25 October 2010 Accepted 31 March 2011 Available online 8 April 2011

Multi-lingual multi-script often poses various challenges in handwritten numeral classification. In this paper, we present a method for classification of off-line handwritten numerals of three popular Indian scripts. Here we consider Kannada, Telugu and Tamil scripts for our experiment. The features used in the classifier are obtained from local intensity order patter descriptor. For feature co...

BACKGROUND Log-linear association models have been extensively used to investigate the pattern of agreement between ordinal ratings. In 2007, log-linear non-uniform association models were introduced to estimate, from a cross-classification of two independent raters using an ordinal scale, varying degrees of distinguishability between distant and adjacent categories of the scale. METHODS In t...

Several observations suggest that overlearned ordinal categories (e.g., letters, numbers, weekdays, months) are processed differently than non-ordinal categories in the brain. In synesthesia, for example, anomalous perceptual experiences are most often triggered by members of ordinal categories (Rich et al., 2005; Eagleman, 2009). In semantic dementia (SD), the processing of ordinal stimuli app...

Many applied studies collect one or more ordered categorical predictors, which do not fit neatly within classic regression frameworks. In most cases, ordinal predictors are treated as either nominal (unordered) variables or metric (continuous) variables in regression models, which is theoretically and/or computationally undesirable. In this paper, we discuss the benefit of taking a smoothing sp...

We develop an alternative approach to well-ordering proofs beyond the Bachmann-Howard ordinal using transsnite sequences of ordinal notations and use it in order to carry out well-ordering proofs for-ordinal systems. We extend the approach of ordinal systems as an alternative way of presenting ordinal notation systems started in Set98b] and develop ordinal systems, which have in the limit exact...

We show that classification rules used in ordinal regression are equivalent to a certain class of linear multi-class classifiers. This observation not only allows to design new learning algorithms for ordinal regression using existing methods for multi-class classification but it also allows to derive new models for ordinal regression. For example, one can convert learning of ordinal classifier...