Borrowing is not only a practice of individuals and corporations, but the states also borrow to afford their expenditures. Similar individuals, have borrowed since ancient times. Most such loans been at interest. However, authorities restricted or prohibited interest-based lending in various societies. Thus, city-states Medieval Europe Ottoman Empire could always use ordinary borrowing instrume...

The article is dedicated to the influence of valide sultans on their sons and rulers Ottoman Empire, bearing in mind importance positions. Valide sultan was title held by ?legal mother? a ruling Sultan Empire. This living mother reigning sultan. But if mothers died before sons? accession throne, they were never bestowed with perhaps most important position Empire after himself. According Muslim...

Abstract The budding scholarship on the Congress of Vienna has devoted limited attention to ‘Eastern Question’ in 1810s. Even though issue (non-) involvement Ottoman Empire new European state system previously received mention, rational and emotional factors that informed decisions taken by cabinet at time have never been analysed detail. Using unexplored Ottoman, Russian, British French archiv...

In world history, the sixteenth century played a transformative role in many areas, which have been described as hallmarks of early modernity. While such transformations influenced Ottoman Empire, peculiar historical developments empire made more important for history-writing. The scholarship demonstrates increasing emphasis on law and legal-rational mentality among intellectual circles empire,...

The sixteenth century was a time when projects against Ottoman power were diminishing. This trend changed dramatically after the battle of Lepanto on 7 October 1571, Holy League coalition forces inflicted significant defeat fleet. study investigates how Venice responded to growing anti-Ottoman and movements in Balkans order keep long lasting peace with Ottomans that characterized period from tr...

Ottoman historians in the last decade have focused a lot on political thought. This means how thoughts and writings of different scholars, which mainly included religious strata other intellectuals, influenced thought decisions Empire. Now with book written by Oxford Professor Noel Malcolm, we another side that story.

For a Europe that feared continuing Ottoman expansion, the Battle of Lepanto (1571) was a great relief. But the Ottoman Empire continued to be dominant in the eastern Mediterranean, and in southeastern Europe. The Republic of Venice, a partner in the great Christian victory of 1571, was soon forced to make peace with the sultan, acknowledging the loss of important overseas territories. This ess...

Mühimme defters have a special place among all the archival material inherited from Ottoman Empire. Recording copies of decisions made in Imperial Council, highest administrative organ state, these contain important information not only about domestic affairs Empire but also its foreign policy. This study examines relations between Crimean Khanate and Polish-Lithuanian State as reflected mühimm...