The new generation GISS climate model includes fully interactive chemistry related to ozone in historical and future simulations, and interactive methane in future simulations. Evaluation of ozone, its tropospheric precursors, and methane shows that the model captures much of the largescale spatial structure seen in recent observations. While the model is much improved compared with the previou...

Very large solar proton events (SPEs) occurred from October 19-27, 1989. These SPEs are redicted to produce short-lived increases in HO x and ng-lived increases in NO x species, which both can lead to ozone destruction. December 1989 SBUV/2 measurements of upper stratospheric ozone show substantially more ozone depletion in the Northern than in the S0uthem Hemisphere ven thoug h the amount of H...

The rate of improvement in the comfort modern urban environment significantly reduces negative factors, arising from violations ecological balance environment: pollution air, soil, water, depletion ozone layer. One most important problems world is ecology environment. article considers that negatively affect living and non-living natural objects cities. Green innovative technologies are analyze...

In the early years, the primary focus of the HVAC industry was simply on finding a refrigerant that would provide effective cooling. Many of the early refrigerants such as sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride and ammonia met that objective but posed safety hazards due to their toxicity or high flammability potential. In the 1930s, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants were introduced as safe alterna...

Despite increasing scientific scrutiny in recent years, the direct impact of the ozone hole on surface temperatures over Antarctica remains uncertain. Here, we explore this question by using the Community Earth System Model Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM-WACCM), contrasting two ensembles of runs with and without stratospheric ozone depletion. We find that, during austral spring,...

The impact of the Montreal Protocol on the potential intensity of tropical cyclones over the next 50 years is investigated with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), a state-of-the-art, stratosphere-resolving atmospheric model, coupled to land, ocean, and sea ice components, with interactive stratospheric chemistry. An ensemble of WACCM runs from 2006 to 2065 forced with a stand...

Despite increasing scientific scrutiny in recent years, the direct impact of the ozone hole on surface temperatures over Antarctica remains uncertain. Here, this question is explored by using the Community Earth System Model–Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM-WACCM), contrasting two ensembles of runs with and without stratospheric ozone depletion. It is found that, during austral sp...

Despite increasing scientific scrutiny in recent years, the direct impact of the ozone hole on surface temperatures over Antarctica remains uncertain. Here, we explore this question by using the Community Earth System Model Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (CESM-WACCM), contrasting two ensembles of runs with and without stratospheric ozone depletion. We find that, during austral spring,...