Epidermal Nevus Associated with Cerebral and Ocular MR Imaging Abnormalities This letter focuses on Schimmelpenning syndrome (SS), a neurocutaneous disorder related to epidermal nevus syndromes and characterized by craniofacial nevus, neurologic anomalies, and ocular pathology. We discuss clinical and MR imaging features of a 10-year-old boy, pointing out the etiopathologic substratum of this c...

Microcephaly results from reduced brain growth. Affected infants are born with a smaller head size than normal, or their head stops growing after birth. It is a rare condition with estimated incidences varying geographically; in the United States reported incidence ranges from 2 to 12 babies per 10 000 live births. The causes are numerous, including chromosomal abnormalities, intrauterine infec...

1. D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 2. D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Corresponding author: Dra. Fernanda Tovar-Moll. E-mail: fernanda.tovarmoll@ idor.org. In late 2015, a congenital syndrome drew worldwide attention: infection with the Zika virus (ZIKV) w...

Ataxia is the cardinal sign of cerebellar dysfunction and when it occurs, it indicates the possibility of cerebellar lesions. However, this may not always be the correct explanation. Appenzeller and Hanson1 reviewed studies, published between 1916 and 1953, of patients with cerebellar signs attributed to parietal lesions. Extensive lesions within the parietal lobes and sensory changes were comm...

Microcephaly is defined by an occipital-frontal head circumference (OFD) 2 standard deviations (SD) smaller than the average expected for age, gender and population. Its incidence has been reported between 1.3 150 cases per 100,000 births. Currently, new clinical characteristics, causes pathophysiological mechanisms related to microcephaly continue be identified. etiology varied heterogeneous, ...