The reduced form of glutathione (GSH), when supplied to suspension cultured cells of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at concentrations in the range 0.01 to 1.0 millimolar, stimulates transcription of defense genes including those that encode cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins and the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) involved...

Biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid natural products in tobacco was perturbed by introduction of a heterologous (bean) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.5) gene, modified by inclusion of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer sequences in its promoter. These transgenic plants can exhibit a series of unusual phenotypes including localized fluorescent lesions, a...

Target identification of biologically active molecules such as natural products, synthetic small molecules, peptides, and oligonucleotides mainly relies on affinity chromatography, activity-based probes, or photoaffinity labeling (PAL). Amongst them, activity-based probes and PAL have offered great advantages in target identification technology due to their ability to form covalent bonds with t...

BACKGROUND The assessment of physical activity and energy expenditure is relevant to the care of maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate measurements of physical activity and energy expenditure in MHD patients from different centres and countries and explored the predictors of physical activity in these patients. METHODS In this cross-sectional mul...

! Most of the defense, corporate, and civilian systems today are Internet-based. The trustworthiness of these Internet-based systems heavily depends on their security characteristics. It has been forecasted by national defense experts that the next big terrorist threat is a cyber-war, alongside this, the current Obama administration has also given much importance to strengthening cyber-security...

Influence on health behavior from peers is well known and it has been shown that participants in an online physical activity promotion program are generally more successful when they share their achievements through an online community. However, more detailed insights are needed into the mechanisms that explain the influence of a community on physical activity levels (PAL). This paper discusses...

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) has a crucial role in secondary phenylpropanoid metabolism and is one of the most extensively studied enzymes with respect to plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Here, we identified the pepper (Capsicum annuum) PAL (CaPAL1) gene, which was induced in pepper leaves by avirulent Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) infection. CaPAL1-silenced pep...

Using DNA probes specific for the three members of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) gene family, we have studied the effects of the product of the PAL reaction, trans-cinnamic acid (CA), on the appearance of individual PAL transcripts in suspension cultured bean cells. Concentrations of CA in excess of 10(-4) molar inhibited appearance of elicitor-induced trans...

An experiment was conducted to investigate and distinguish the relationships in the production of total phenolics, total flavonoids, soluble sugars, H2O2, O2-, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, leaf gas exchange, antioxidant activity, antioxidant enzyme activity [ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity (LOX)] under fo...

Wounding during the preparation of fresh-cut lettuce induces the synthesis of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5), and the synthesis and accumulation of specific phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid) that contribute to subsequent tissue browning. Increased PAL activity and phenolic content were not induced in non-wounded lettuce that was kept in close proximity to wounded tissue...