ultinational corporations (MNCs) typically use long-term sources of funds to finance long-term projects. They have access to both domestic and foreign sources of funds. It is worthwhile for MNCs to consider all possible forms of financing before making their final decisions. Financial managers must be aware of their sources of long-term funds so that they can finance international projects in a...

This paper tests for the absence of expected red profits from forward market speculation. It contrasts with the literature that has considered opportunities for expected tmrnitd prolit from speculation that is. protits denominated in one of the currencies. These studies assume money illusion on the part of market participants, but this paper does not. Empirical results (ail to tind evidence of ...

This paper examines both the in-sample and out-of-sample performance of three monetary fundamental models of exchange rates and compares their out-of-sample performance to that of a simple Random Walk model. Using a data-set consisting of five currencies at monthly frequency over the period January 1980 to December 2009 and a battery of newly developed performance measures, the paper shows that...

Which is the most appropriate currency (biomass, energy, water, or some mineral nutrient) for expressing resource allocation in plants has been repeatedly discussed. Researchers need to assess to which extent interindividual, interpopulational, or interspecific comparisons of resource allocation could be affected by the allocation currency chosen. The "currency issue" is relevant to at least th...

This paper develops a unified framework for examining international payment patterns. Using an open-economy search model with competing monetary assets, I show how information costs and government transaction policies interact to produce a structure of world payments reminiscent with what is observed in practice. Agents’ decision to acquire information shapes exchange patterns by affecting a cu...

Central Bank digital currencies are a challenge to the international monetary and financial system. Since development of cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin, modern world has faced possibility technological transformation providing form payment for economy household. In addition, announcement currency that would have global reach, Libre issued by social network Facebook, raised questions about lega...

One simple method of recognizing paper currencies has been introduced. It considers different dimensions, areas, Euler numbers, correlations between images as features. It uses Weighted Euclidean Distance for classification. The method uses the case of Saudi Arabian paper currency as a model currency under consideration. It uses fifth series of currency, issued by Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency ...

In this paper we show that the exchange rates of some commodity exporter countries have ability to predict price spot and future contracts aluminum. This is shown with both in-sample out-of-sample analyses. The theoretical underpinning these results relies on present-value model for rate determination tight connection between prices currencies countries. We using traditional statistical metrics...