BACKGROUND Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are intra- and extra-adrenal neoplasms that are rarely malignant. The treatment of those that are malignant has remained a challenge because little was known about the molecular pathways involved in its malignant transformation. Recently, however, the genetic and molecular changes involved in malignant pheochromocytoma have come to be understood. ...

Paragangliomas are slow growing, hypervascular neuroendocrine tumors that develop in the extra-adrenal paraganglion tissues. Paraganglioma involving the vagus nerve ganglia is termed glomus vagale. The slow growth of head and neck paragangliomas especially in the absence of symptom may obviate the necessity for any active intervention, in which case, a "wait and scan" policy is implemented invo...

INTRODUCTION  Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors that most commonly originate in the adrenal gland, a type that is called pheochromocytoma; however, 5-10% of paragangliomas are extra-adrenal and may arise in any area between the neck and pelvic region along the sympathetic nervous system. Those located in the head and neck comprise 3% of extra-adrenal tumors, with the majority originating...

Paraganglioma (PG) is a rare tumor of the dispersed neuroendocrine system. PG derives from the embryonic sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Paraganglioma is a neoplasm of the dispersed neuroendocrine system that affects a variety of anatomic sites, mainly the head and neck. It occurs commonly in the carotid body, glomus jugulare, mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Primary spinal para...

CONTEXT Paragangliomas are rare tumours of neural crest origin. Extra-adrenal pancreatic paragangliomas are exceptionally rare. CASE REPORT A 66-year-old man with abdominal pain was noted to have a complex pancreatic head and uncinate process mass on imaging. He underwent complete resection by pancreaticoduodenectomy with final pathology confirming a 6 cm paraganglioma without evidence of met...

The ovalbumin gene (Ov) gene is responsive to estrogen, glucocorticoid, androgen, and progesterone. In our efforts to characterize the regulation of the Ov gene by steroid hormones, we have repeatedly observed that many vector backbones and promoters are responsive to steroids. In order to determine which vectors are most suitable for these types of analyses, vectors from Promega's pGL3 and new...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A rapid and accurate MR imaging technique would be beneficial to assess paragangliomas in the head and neck and to distinguish them from other lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combination of elliptic centric contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CE-MRA) and unenhanced and enhanced spin-echo imaging (conventional MR imaging) is more accurate than...

Abstract Context Paragangliomas located within the pericardium represent a rare yet challenging clinical situation. Objective The current analysis aimed to describe characteristics of cardiac paragangliomas, with emphasis on diagnostic approach, genetic background, and multi-disciplinary management. Methods Twenty-four patients diagnosed paraganglioma in Peking Union Medical College Hospital, B...

Paragangliomas most commonly occur in the carotid body, jugulotympanic area, and vagus nerve but have also been reported in other areas of the head and neck. These tumors are highly vascular and characteristically have early blood vessel and neural involvement, making their treatment particularly challenging. Surgery has traditionally been the preferred method of treatment, especially in light ...

PURPOSE Paragangliomas of the head and neck are neuroendocrine tumors and are associated with germ line mutations of the tricarboxylic acid cycle-related genes SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, and SDHAF2. Hypoxia is important in most solid tumors, and was directly implicated in tumorigenesis over 40 years ago when it was shown that dwelling at high altitudes increases the incidence of carotid body hyperplasia...