In the field of reinforcement learning, temporal difference (TD) learning is perhaps the most popular way to estimate the future discounted reward of states. We derive an equation for TD learning from statistical principles. Specifically, we start with the variational principle and then bootstrap to produce an updating rule for discounted state value estimates. The resulting equation is similar...

The so-called extended law of corresponding states, as proposed by Noro and Frenkel [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2941 (2000)], involves a mapping of the phase behaviors of systems with short-range attractive interactions. While it has already extensively been applied to various model potentials, here we test its applicability to protein solutions with their complex interactions. We successfully map the...

on the basis of constitution and social and cultural contexts, each country has its own private international law system. concerning countries with federal system like the united states of america, conflict of laws not only may occur between laws of the united states and law of the other countries, but also in a distinctive manner, among states of the usa together. european :union: is in the sa...

In this work we construct the vacuum configuration of supergravity interacting with homogeneous complex scalar matter fields. The corresponding configuration is of the FRW model invariant under the n = 2 local conformal time supersymmetry, which is a subgroup of the four dimensional space-time supersymmetry. We show, that the potential of the scalar matter fields is a function of the Kähler pot...

An oscillator neural network based on the Ginzburg-Landau equation is proposed in order to investigate associative memory. The embedded patterns include both offand on-firing states with phase. Neurons encode not only the phase but also the state of the cell. The system has a Lyapunov function with wells corresponding to offand on-firing states. These two states are characterized by mutual stab...