ESL students who write in English may present written material in a rhetorical and organizational mode that reflects the pattern which is valued in their native culture and rhetoric. Considering the violation of English code of writing in the writings of Iranian students, we will notice one common characteristic: They are reluctant (or ignorant of) to write a unified paragraph. Their writing co...

This paper investigates a method for modelling computersupported cooperative work, to provide a common language for users and developers collaborating in design. The research is grounded in an empirical study of the inhouse development of groupware and the work practice of system developers. Through an appropriation of Christopher Alexander’s architectural pattern language, it is proposed that ...

Abstract The study of language has been historically proposed as a model for human sciences. For the structuralists, it is because languages, like society, and cultural habits, are man-made rule-based systems. Darwinists, cultures societies living species, can be studied with biological methodology. Sociology, biology linguistics considered analogous in different ways. To support work theoretic...

A new investigation of the complexity of language identi cation is undertaken using the notion of reduction from recursion theory and complexity theory. The approach, referred to as the intrinsic complexity of language identi cation, employs notions of `weak' and `strong' reduction between learnable classes of languages. The intrinsic complexity of several classes are considered and the results...

Currently negotiation covers a huge and unstructured domain of negotiationand coordination protocols1 and associated strategies. Researchers and practitioners like system engineers have almost no support in discussing protocol solutions to frequently occurring negotiation problems and in designing and implementing successful protocols and associated negotiation media. Negotiation engineering re...

this study was framed on the theory of language socialisation and a systematic functional linguistic (sfl) approach. the aim of the study was to analyse the oral presentation discourse produced by an elemen- tary iranian english as second language (esl) postgraduate student in an american university four times (september/december, 2015 and march/september, 2016) over one year. the data were col...

We argue that the function of vision is to get correct and useful answers about the state of the world. However, given the state of the world is not uniquely specified by the visual input, the visual system must make inferences. Thus, theories of visual perception will be theories of inference, and we need a language in which theories of inference can be described. Analogous to calculus being a...

Categories are not invariant. This paper attempts to explore the dynamic nature of semantic category, in particular, that of fashion language, based on the cognitive theory of Dawkins’ memetics, a new theory of cultural evolution. Semantic attributes of linguistic memes decrease or proliferate in replication and spreading, which involves a dynamic development of semantic category. More specific...