The formation of White Etching Layers (WELs) in rails can lead to the initiation microcracks, thus reducing service time rails. However, WEL mechanism is not yet understood. Brown (BELs) are intermediate microstructure located between parent pearlite and WEL. In this work, we use BELs as a microstructural tracer understand early stages formation. We study mechanisms an industrial R350HT rail st...

This paper studies the temperature field, dynamic strain, and forming accuracy of oscillate-WAAM conical shell in process manufactures WAAM part. The results show that compared with offset filling WAAM, shows following characteristics: difference value between inner outer walls is significantly reduced, cooling rate doubled decreased, interlayer above 300 °C, average gradient, strain stability ...