Peer-to-peer technologies (or P2P for short) have broken through in recent years as an attractive alternative to the traditional client-server-based architectures and systems. A lot of the attention paid to peer-to-peer systems has been caused by the widespread use of P2P file sharing networks, where (often illegal) media content is being distributed. Recently deployed peer-to-peer systems howe...

This paper provides a brief introduction to peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. Basic definitions and characteristics of P2P systems are described in Section 1. A comparison of a two related paradigms: P2P and Grid computing is also given. Section 2 classifies P2P substrates into two categories: structured and unstructured. Description of each category along with some examples is provided. A wide range...

We consider the problem of designing an overlay network and routing mechanism that permits finding resources efficiently in a peer-to-peer system. We argue that many existing approaches to this problem can be modeled as the construction of a random graph embedded in a metric space whose points represent resource identifiers, where the probability of a connection between two nodes depends only o...

Current peer-review software lacks intelligence for responding to students’ reviewing performance. As an example of an additional intelligent assessment component to such software, we propose an evaluation system that generates assessment on reviewers’ reviewing skills regarding the issue of problem localization. We take a data mining approach, using standard supervised machine learning to buil...

Health management information systems (HMIS) produce large amounts of data about health service provision and population health, and provide opportunities for data-based decision-making in decentralized health systems. Yet the data are little-used locally. A well-defined approach to district-level decision-making using health data would help better meet the needs of the local population. In thi...

This paper identifies and analyzes the key design approaches that have been proposed over the last decade to construct a peer-to-peer (P2P) networked virtual environment (NVE) systems. We discuss each approach, their advantages and drawbacks, and examine several representative P2P-based NVE systems based on the presented approaches, thus providing the background and literature review of P2P NVEs.

BACKGROUND Peer review is the major method used by biomedical journals for making the decision of publishing an article. This cross-sectional survey assesses views concerning the review system of biomedical journals among academics globally. METHODS A total of 28,009 biomedical academics from high-ranking universities listed by the 2009 Times Higher Education Quacquarelli Symonds (THE-QS) Wor...

Peer-to-peer applications (P2P) are no longer limited to home users, and start being accepted in academic and corporate environments. While file sharing and instant messaging applications are the most traditional examples, they are no longer the only ones benefiting from the potential advantages of P2P networks. For example, network file storage, data transmission, distributed computing, and co...