Snow instability data provide information about the mechanical state of the snow cover and are essential for forecasting snow avalanches. So far, direct observations of instability (recent avalanches, shooting cracks or whumpf sounds) are complemented with field tests such as the rutschblock test, since no measurement method for instability exists. We propose a new approach based on snow mechan...

Abstract Devices which are used to determine firmness of non-destructive nature do not penetrate the skin or damage underlying flesh fruit and provide real-time results, avoid raw biomass loss allow testing every individual repeated same fruit, thus providing many advantages for researchers industry alike. Contrarily, destructive methods puncture only a subsample, selected represent all can be ...