a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two laying systems (floor versus cage) on egg production, egg quality, and microbial safety. one hundred and eighty 42 wk old laying hens were separated into two groups of 90 hens each, and housed in laying cages and a floor laying system. eggs from the hens were collected for 2 weeks, and hen-day egg production, egg quality (whole egg, albumen, ...

due to the location of a domestic, industrial and agricultural zone near the caspian sea, this water body has long been under pressure and environmental threat. as a result of development of oil production activities in caspian region, such as oil exploration and extraction, a large volume of oil related pollutants is released annually into this important water body. considering the fact that h...

Negative environmental consequences of fossil fuels and concerns about petroleum supplies have spurred the search for renewable transportation biofuels. To be a viable alternative, a biofuel should provide a net energy gain, have environmental benefits, be economically competitive, and be producible in large quantities without reducing food supplies. We use these criteria to evaluate, through l...

 Taxation is one of the significant phenomena in any economy as it not only generates revenues for existing government, but also serves as a fiscal tool and stabilization policy. One of the main types of taxation is the petroleum tax which accounts for more than 30% of revenue for developed countries and more than 85% for developing economies. This work focuses on petroleum producing giants in ...

The growing geographic disconnect between consumption of goods, the extraction and processing of resources, and the environmental impacts associated with production activities makes it crucial to factor global trade into sustainability assessments. Using an empirically validated environmentally extended global trade model, we examine the relationship between two key resources underpinning econo...

vi CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 I. Dependence on Petroleum Products 1 II. Alternative Fuels from Biorenewable Sources 1 III. Alternative Chemicals from Biorenewable Sources 3 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 I. Fatty Acid Production Methods 6 II. Methyl Ketone Production 14 CHAPTER THREE: FERMENTATIVE PRODUCTION OF SHORT-CHAIN 16 FATTY ACIDS IN ESCHERICHIA COLI I. Abstract 16 I