Pharmaceutical drugs play an important role in human life since they caused a revolution in human health. Notably, their administration to a living organism helps body to stay healthy. Commonly, they are employed to diagnose, prevent, or treat and cure a disease via a biological effect on a human body. Administration of impurity-free and adequate amounts of pharmaceut...

In this research at the first Enalapril drug and its fullerene derivative were optimized. NBO calculations and NMR for the complexes were carried out at the B3LYP/6-31G* quantum chemistry level. Different parameters such as energy levels, the amount of Chemical Shift in different atoms, the amount of HOMO/LUMO, chemical potential (µ ), chemical hardness (η), the coefficients of hybrid bonds (π,...

The novel carriers have been exploited through almost all the routes of administration. Association of drugs with carriers is normally noncovalent, based on collective strength of weak binding forces. Many newer carriers are evolving with the advent of technology and the demand of targeted delivery like microemulsions. Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic mixtures of oil, water and surfa...

A new field of science, chemical biology/ chemical genetics/ chemical genomics (cb/cg/cg) has emerged since the late 1990's, especially in the United States. The NIH Roadmap agenda, Molecular Libraries Screening Center Network (MLSCN), became a drive force to push cb/cg/cg forward. Cb/cg/cg studies consist of three methodologies, chemical libraries with small molecules, high-throughput screenin...

This article aims at making a bridge between the theory of optimal auditing and current procedures applied to audit files in different markets where scoring is the instrument used to implement an audit strategy. The literature has not yet developed an optimal audit policy for the scoring methodology. Our application is meant for the audit of insurance fraud but can be applied to many other acti...

The AIDS crisis has brought to public notice what has always been generally true—that the existing business model for drug development leads to high prices and unequal access. There is now widespread dissatisfaction with drug prices in both the developed (Families USA 2003) and developing world (Correa 2000). Governments and health insurers are fi nding ways to deny access to the newest and pri...

Low-oral bioavailability as a consequence of low-water solubility drugs is challenging for formulation scientists in the development new pharmaceutical products. This review aims to highlight relevant considerations when implementing rational strategy lipid-based oral drug delivery systems and discuss shortcomings challenges current classification these such nanoemulsion, Solid lipid nanopartic...

INTRODUCTION Dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations are so far being used for pulmonary drug delivery, mainly for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Currently most of DPI formulations rely on lactose as a carrier in the drug powder blend. However, due to reducing sugar function of lactose which makes it incompatible with some drugs such as budesonide, it is...