Aside from R&D, sales and marketing have long been the drivers of commercial success of the pharmaceutical enterprise. Marketing efforts have historically focused primarily on physicians and patients, the underlying engines of demand. However, as the number of expensive therapeutics entering the market grows and the need to contain costs intensifies, a new set of stakeholders—loosely defined as...

In this paper, we apply game theory to study the price competition between drugstores and hospitals in China’s pharmaceutical supply chain. Motivated by drug shortages disparity problems, build a simplified model with one supplier, hospital, drugstore which sellers sell kind of compete on price. The hospital receives discount from government when ordering both face price-sensitive uncertain dem...

The quest for an effective alternative means for effluent treatment is a major concern of the modern-day scientist. Fungi have been attracting a growing interest for the biological treatment of industrial wastewater. In this study, Saccharomycescerevisiae and Torulasporadelbrueckii were isolated from spoiled watermelon and inoculated into different concentrations of effluent. The inoculants wer...

Four different strategies of pulping and bleaching were carried out to develop alternative mechanistic ecoenvironmental friendly approaches and generated effluent was characterised. Strategy-I included Phanerochaete sp. fungal pretreatment followed by conventional bleaching, whereas in strategy-II, fungal pretreatment was followed by enzyme xylanase aided bleaching. Strategy-III also included x...

OBJECTIVE To determine the most effective and biodegradable dispersant of spilled oil in water surrounding two Persian Gulf provinces. METHODS This study compared the effects of three dispersants, Pars 1, Pars 2, and Gamlen OD4000 on removal of oil in two Persian Gulf provinces' water. Overall, 16 stations were selected. Using the Well method, the growth rate of isolated bacteria and fungi wa...

The pharmaceutical industry’s increasing focus on RWE reflects the greater supply of electronic patient-level data and higher stakeholder demand for RWE-based decisions. So why have manufacturers struggled to act? They have been constrained by a limited fact base and isolated case examples, prompting this research. Here, we detail data supply dynamics and over 100 cases studies of actual RWE in...

An explosion of knowledge and a growing array of tools and technologies have transformed modern drug R&D, while its cost has risen by a sizable amount. At the same time, the unchecked increase in health care and prescription drug spending has spawned cost containment policies that are restricting the demand for drugs in all major markets. This Perspective explores the interplay between technolo...

after the boom of pharmacological research during the 1950s, mainly as a result of the screening technique, the identification of active molecules, their reshaping by means of pharmaco-chemical drug design, and the creation of extremely efficacious and successful medicines, the pharmaceutical world sought a new source of inspiration. such biota as the tropical forest, a quantity of plants credi...

We consider the capital investment problem faced by a firm that must invest in capacity while gathering information about whether that capacity will actually be needed. Specifically, we are motivated by pharmaceutical firms, which face long horizons for clinical trials, “all-or-nothing” demand for new products depending on the outcome those clinical trials, long lead times for the construction ...

The introduction of Medicare in 1965 was the single largest change in health insurance coverage in U.S. history. Providing nearly universal public health insurance coverage for the elderly, it is currently one of the largest health insurance programs in the world. Its introduction had dramatic effects on health insurance coverage and health care utilization for the elderly (Benjamin Cook et al....