Abstract The ever-faster transformation of road vehicles from traditional fuel engines to electric motors, is leading increasingly widespread research on and development related infrastructures. In this context, article addresses the cost aspect batteries owner’s perspective. Specifically, it proposes an analysis optimal usage in order maximize benefit-cost ratio battery replacement intervals. ...

background and objectives: enteropathogenic escherichia coli (epec) strains can be detected by serogrouping and the presence of enterocyte attaching- effacing (eae) gene. most epec strains belong to a certain o antigenic group. locus of enterocyte effacement (lee) pathogenicity island contains the eae gene and secretory proteins (esps) that introduce the attaching-effacing lesion. lee inserted ...

• We analyze over 10,000 PHEV with a total of 4.3 million driving days. propose new method to detect the frequency individual charging behavior. Users avoid high share nights without charging. Not overnight has large effect on electric driving. Intense drivers have km per year low shares Plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV) offer greenhouse gas emission reduction in car usage if charged frequently an...

This paper will describe different possible control strategies that can be implemented in hybrid electric drivetrains. A non-exhaustive list will be established of possibilities applicable on series (SHEV), parallel (PHEV) and combined hybrid vehicles (CHEV). Some examples: optimal operating point or line, time deviation limits, location (city or country), State of Charge (SoC) and vehicle spee...

Due to the lack of oil and gas, electric cars have been in high demand recent years. There are three kinds vehicles, including Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Battery Vehicle (BEV), Plug-in (PHEV). is no charging portion for batteries HEV where not connected power grid, but BEV PHEV can be charged by a outlet, number increased. In order charge battery (EVs), there two ways, grid renewable energ...