Ideal pre-HD Ca levels seem to be invalid (because serum Ca concentration tend to decline with higher serum P concentration) compared to P and Ca–P product. High levels of these parameters are well known to be associated with higher rate of vascular calcification, cardiovasucular events and death [3–5]. However, hypercalcemia is well known as one of the risk factors for vascular calcification, ...

Hyperphosphataemia is a frequent and important cardiovascular risk factor in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). High phosphate levels may influence vascular calcifications by two separate mechanisms: by worsening secondary hyperparathyroidism, which in turn facilitates calcification, and by promoting calcium phosphate deposition in pre-formed endothelial plaques and in the arterial wal...

Accumulation of inorganic phosphate due to renal functional impairment contributes to the increased cardiovascular mortality observed in dialysis patients. Phosphate plays a causative role in the development of vascular calcification in renal failure; treatment with calcium-based phosphate binders and vitamin D can further increase the Ca x PO(4) product and add to the risk of ectopic mineraliz...

Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder can be difficult in renal patients. This review aims to explain why the control of disturbed calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolism is important in dialysis patients. The methods available to regulate these parameters include diet, phosphate binders, dialysate calcium, native vitamin D, active vitamin D derivat...

BACKGROUND Hyperphosphataemia in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with adverse outcomes, including vascular calcification and higher mortality rates. While phosphate lowering is an integral aspect of CKD management, the efficacy and safety of phosphate binders in a contemporary cohort of Chinese haemodialysis patients (who have different genetics and dietary pat...

BACKGROUND Phosphate binders (PBs) account for about one half of the daily pill burden for US hemodialysis (HD) patients, which may reduce adherence. Adherence can be estimated by the medication possession ratio (MPR), which is defined as the proportion of time a patient had sufficient medication to have taken it as prescribed. Gaps of time between prescription fills lower the patient's MPR. We...

In this study, a multi-technique approach was utilised to determine the high temperature performance of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) blended with fly ash (FA) or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) respect nuclear waste immobilisation applications. Conceptual fire conditions were employed (up 1200 °C, 30 min) simulate scenarios that could occur during interim storage, tra...