Summary Hirschmanniella diversa and H. imamuri parasitise the lotus, Nelumbo nucifera. spp. are most important pests of lotus cultivation in Japan, but distribution species dominancy not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to collect individuals from roots major areas Japan identify them morphologically molecularly using 18S, D2-D3 regions rRNA mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I...

Sinorhizobium meliloti and Sinorhizobium medicae are two closely related species of the genus Sinorhizobium showing a similar host range, nodulating leguminous species of the genera Medicago, Melilotus and Trigonella, but their phylogenic relationship has not been elucidated yet. In this paper we report the application of three different molecular markers, (i) RFLP of nodD genes, (ii) 16S-23S r...

The evolution of ribosomal proteins of about 70 bacterial strains belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae has been studied by use of previously reported data (S. Osawa, T. Itoh, and E. Otaka, J. Bacteriol. 107:168-178, 1971) and those obtained in this paper. The proximity of the bacteria was quantified by co-chromatographing the differentially labeled ribosomal proteins from two strains on a...

Obesity results from alterations in the body's regulation of energy intake, expenditure, and storage. Animal and human data demonstrate that phylogenic changes occur in the microbiota composition in obese individuals. Furthermore, evidence from animal models suggest that the alterations of the gut microbiota with obesity results in increased energy extraction and lipid deposition, altered relea...

This paper reviews the neuroscience literature to sculpt a view of intelligence from the artificial life (ALife) perspective. Three key themes are used to motivate a journey down the low road to cognition. First, the origins of brain structures and dynamics exhibit considerable emergence at phylogenic, epigenetic, and ontogenetic levels. Second, ALife complexity measures have interesting parall...

We develop a conceptual framework for valuing biodiversity from an economic perspective. We argue for a dynamic economic welfare measure of biodiversity that complements the literature on beneŽ t-cost approaches and genetic distance/phylogenic tree approaches. Using a uniŽ ed model of optimal economic management of an ecosystem under ecological and genetic constraints, we identify gains from ma...