Synopsis Clathrate hydrates have been found to occur naturally, and have been extensively studied due to their important industrial applications, such as the storage of the CO2 from the atmosphere and control climate change. Thus, quantitative understanding of physical and chemical properties, as well as the factors that control the formation of CO2 hydrates, on both macroscopic and microscopic...

If the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of Triton are controlled by precipitation of electrons from Neptune's magnetosphere as previously proposed, Triton could have the only ionosphere in the solar system not controlled by solar radiation. However, a new model of Triton's atmosphere, in which only solar radiation is present, predicts a large column of carbon atoms. With an assumed, but reason...

Through a simple physical argument we show that the slant optical depth through the atmosphere of a ‘hot Jupiter’ planet is ∼ 35-90 times greater than the normal optical depth. This not unexpected result has direct consequences for the method of transmission spectroscopy for characterizing the atmospheres of transiting giant planets. The atmospheres of these planets likely contain minor condens...

Characterisation of internal atmosphere composition offers the potential to explain variability in responses of horticultural crops to modified atmosphere treatments and to quantify permeance of fruit skins to the respiratory gases. In this paper, the theoretical basis by which fruit skin permeance can be calculated from other gas exchange variables is presented. Surface chambers close to equil...

Supersonic air transport generates sonic booms that can affect people, animals and structures. There is a renewed interest in high-speed transport for civilian application. The widely used standard atmosphere for sonic boom prediction is neither capable of describing topographical variation, nor temporal variations, nor the impact of wind on the propagation of a sonic boom. However, within the ...

ABSTRACT Methane concentrations in Kano municipality have been attributed to the burning of solid and fossil fuels and industrial processes. Using an automatic gas sampling system, methane in the Kano atmosphere was determined. Its distribution in the municipality was skewed towards high frequency of low concentration with a mean and standard deviation of 0.61? 0.39 ?g/m3. Similarly the distri...

SEPTEMBER 2004 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | T hough much progress has been made in the development of coupled ocean–atmosphere models, many discrepancies remain between observations and model results. The tropical east Pacific (i.e., east of about 140°W) is a region in which the performance of coupled models has been problematic (Mechoso et al. 1995), with particular difficulty in the simu...

In spite of impressive advances in recent years, our present understanding of organic aerosol (OA) composition, physical and chemical properties, sources and transformation characteristics is still rather limited, and their environmental effects remain highly uncertain. Therefore, the three atmosphere-related projects of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) – IGAC (Internation...