Intraoperative fluid management for the pediatric surgical patient is a critical element of the anesthetic care plan. In contrast with adult patients, the fluid management is systematized by the use of established protocols that calculate fluid on a per kilogram basis. Children are relatively volume sensitive, and mismanagement of fluid and electrolytes can contribute to morbidity and mortality...

Cushing's syndrome is characterized by any cause of excess cortisol in the blood and produces many physiologic consequences. Left untreated, Cushing's is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Seventy percent of endogenous cases of Cushing's syndrome are secondary to a pituitary tumor; because of this, the primary mode of management is surgical resection of the tumor. Should hyper...

Heat illness spans a broad spectrum of disease, with outcomes ranging from benign rash to fatal heat stroke. Heat illness is broadly divided into 2 types: classic and exertional. Both types occur as a result of exposure to elevated temperature with inadequate thermoregulation; however, classic illness occurs without preceding physical activity. Treatment consists of rapid cooling, fluid replace...

Lymphedema-edema that results from chronic lymphatic insufficiency-is a chronic debilitating disease that is frequently misdiagnosed, treated too late, or not treated at all. There are, however, effective therapies for lymphedema that can be implemented, particularly after the disorder is properly diagnosed and characterized with lymphoscintigraphy. On the basis of the lymphoscintigraphic image...

With an increasing number of therapeutic drugs, the list of drugs that is responsible for severe pulmonary disease also grows. Many drugs have been associated with pulmonary complications of various types, including interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, bronchospasm, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusions. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease (DILD) can be caused by chemotherapeutic agents,...

Excessive dynamic airway collapse (EDAC) is a disease entity of excessive reduction of the central airway diameter during exhalation, without cartilage collapse. An 80-year-old female presented with generalized edema and dyspnea at our hospital. The patient was in a state of acute decompensated heart failure due to pneumonia with respiratory failure. We accordingly managed the patient with rena...

Care of burn-injured patients requires knowledge of the pathophysiologic changes affecting virtually all organs from the onset of injury until wounds are healed. Massive airway and/or lung edema can occur rapidly and unpredictably after burn and/or inhalation injury. Hemodynamics in the early phase of severe burn injury is characterized by a reduction in cardiac output and increased systemic an...

ALTHOUGH Harrison1 and others have presented detailed studies of blood gases in left heart failure and cardiac asthma, and a number of papers on the experimental production of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema are available,2 there are no complete studies of the markedly abnormal respiratory patterns in this state. McCann3 in a recent review has referred to the elevation of arterial pCO2 in th...

ALTHOUGH Harrison1 and others have presented detailed studies of blood gases in left heart failure and cardiac asthma, and a number of papers on the experimental production of cardiac asthma and pulmonary edema are available,2 there are no complete studies of the markedly abnormal respiratory patterns in this state. McCann3 in a recent review has referred to the elevation of arterial pCO2 in th...

Brain Injury Mechanisms of Brain Injury Hypoxia and Ischemia Excitatory Amino Acid Injury Cerebral Edema Increased Intracranial Volume and Pressure Brain Herniation Hydrocephalus Traumatic Head and Brain Injury Skull Fractures Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations of Global Brain Injury Anatomic and Physiologic Basis of Consciousness Reticular Activating System Levels of Consciousness Other Man...