A vast array of herbivorous arthropods live with symbiotic microorganisms. However, little is known about the nature and functional mechanism bacterial effects on plant defense responses towards herbivores. We explored role microbes present in extracts oral secretion (OS) isolated from larvae Spodoptera litura, a generalist herbivore, phytohormone signaling-dependent Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabi...

The pinewood nematode (PWN) is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, a pathology that affects conifer forests, mainly Pinus spp. PWN infection can induce expression phytohormone-related genes; however, changes at early phytohormone level have not yet been explored. Phytohormones are low-abundance metabolites, and thus, difficult to quantify. Moreover, most methodologies focus on Arabidopsis or...

Plant hormones (phytohormones) integrate endogenous and exogenous signals thus synchronizing plant growth with environmental and developmental changes. Similar to animals, phytohormones have distinct source and target tissues, hence controlled transport and focused targeting are required for their functions. Many evidences accumulated in the last years about the regulation of long-distance and ...