During the development of the nervous system, neurons migrate to their final location and extend neurites that navigate long distances in the extracellular environment to reach their synaptic targets. The proper functioning of the nervous system depends on correct connectivity, and mistakes in the wiring of the nervous system lead to brain abnormalities and mental illness. Growth cones are moti...

We examined the adequacy of decorrelation of the responses to dichotic noise as an explanation for the binaural masking level difference (BMLD). The responses of 48 low-frequency neurons in the inferior colliculus of anesthetized guinea pigs were recorded to binaurally presented noise with various degrees of interaural correlation and to interaurally correlated noise in the presence of 500-Hz t...

In the serum-free culture of rat embryonic neurons, most neurons rapidly died by necrosis, which was revealed by propidium iodide (PI)-positive staining as early as 3 h after the start of culture and by marked membrane disruption and mitochondrial swelling in transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis. However, neither nuclear condensation/fragmentation stained with Hoechst 33342 nor acti...

MTMR2 is a 3-phosphatase specific for the phosphoinositides PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P(2), which are mainly present on endosomes. Mutations in the MTMR2 gene in Schwann cells lead to a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4B1. MTMR2 expression is also detected in peripheral and central neurons, but neural functions of MTMR2 remain unclear. Here, we repor...

Ca-permeable AMPA receptors may play a key role during developmental neuroplasticity, learning and memory, and neuronal loss in a number of neuropathologies. However, the intracellular signaling pathways used by AMPA receptors during such processes are not fully understood. The mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an attractive target because it has been shown to be involved in gen...

Animals search for foods and decide their behaviors according to previous experience. Caenorhabditis elegans detects chemicals with a limited number of sensory neurons, allowing us to dissect roles of each neuron for innate and learned behaviors. C. elegans is attracted to salt after exposure to the salt (NaCl) with food. In contrast, it learns to avoid the salt after exposure to the salt witho...

We present a polymer microchip capable of monitoring neuronal activity with a fidelity never before obtained on a planar patch-clamp device. Cardio-respiratory neurons Left Pedal Dorsal 1 (LPeD1) from mollusc Lymnaea were cultured on the microchip's polyimide surface for 2 to 4 hours. Cultured neurons formed high resistance seals (gigaseals) between the cell membrane and the surface surrounding...

This article presents a distributed and decentralized architecture for the implementation of artificial intelligence (DAI) using hardware platforms provided by Internet Things (IoT). A trained DAI system has been implemented over IoT, where each IoT device acts as one or more neurons within layers. is accomplished utilization decentralized, self-managed blockchain technologies that allow truste...