Ehrlich and Raven formally introduced the concept of stepwise coevolution using butterfly and angiosperm interactions in an attempt to account for the impressive biological diversity of these groups. However, many biologists currently envision butterflies evolving 50 to 30 million years (Myr) after the major angiosperm radiation and thus reject coevolutionary origins of butterfly biodiversity. ...

Biotic and abiotic stresses strongly affect plant growth, quality of production crop yield. Respectively biocontrol products biostimulants have been proposed as agronomic tools to counteract those stresses. Research development on biostimulant require the study characterization biotic interactions involved in these processes. Plant metabolomics approach plays a key role identification chemical ...

Plants and insects comprise the most species-rich lineages of multicellular eukaryotes. Most insects are herbivores, and generally have specific adaptations for feeding on a very limited group of evolutionarily or biochemically related host plants in their natural habitats. Coevolutionary interactions (reciprocal natural selection) between plants and insects are hypothesized to be the crucible ...

Plants and insects comprise the most species-rich lineages of multicellular eukaryotes. Most insects are herbivores, and generally have specific adaptations for feeding on a very limited group of evolutionarily or biochemically related host plants in their natural habitats. Coevolutionary interactions (reciprocal natural selection) between plants and insects are hypothesized to be the crucible ...

Plants interact with a variety of other community members that have the potential to indirectly influence each other through a shared host plant. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are generally considered plant mutualists because of their generally positive effects on plant nutrient status and growth. AMF may also have important indirect effects on plants by altering interactions with other co...

there is growing evidence that lectin-carbohydrate interactions can mediate the infection of parasites to their insect vector. many insect species are host or vectors of protozoan or metazoan parasites that cause socially and economically important disease such as malaria and leishmaniasis. however, relatively little work has been undertaken concerning the interaction of insect immunity against...

Theory predicts that intraspecific genetic variation can increase the complexity of an ecological network. To date, however, we are lacking empirical knowledge of the extent to which genetic variation determines the assembly of ecological networks, as well as how the gain or loss of genetic variation will affect network structure. To address this knowledge gap, we used a common garden experimen...

Plant responses to enemies are coordinated by several interacting signaling systems. Molecular and genetic studies with mutants and exogenous signal application suggest that jasmonate (JA)-, salicylate (SA)-, and ethylene (ET)-mediated pathways modulate expression of portions of the defense phenotype in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but have not yet linked these observations directly with...

1.Adams and Zhang recently published one of the best studies so far of patterns of insect folivory along a latitudinal (climatic) gradient. They show clear negative trends in foliage loss in relation to temperature for certain groups of insect herbivores.2.Although their suggestion that the plant-herbivore interaction may be more important in cooler climates could be valid, they did not bring u...