ARTICLE HISTORY Received 24 May 2017 Accepted 7 June 2017 ABSTRACT Plants have evolved sophisticated surveillance and defense mechanisms against constant attacks by different types of microbial pathogens including viruses. Nucleotide-based RNA silencing and receptorbased innate immunity constitute the primary plant defense to viral infection. To establish their infections, plant viruses have al...

in order to evaluate the effects of plant density and planting pattern on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of balangu (lallemantia royleana benth.) as a medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted at research station of faculty of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad, iran, during growing season of 2011-2012. a factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design wit...

sheet metal components design and manufacture need a great deal of experience and know-how. strip layout design is usually done with trial and error until best design for strip layout is finally achieved. knowledge for the system is formulated from plasticity theories, experimental results, and the empirical knowledge of field experts. in this paper, an algorithm which can automatically design ...

Both the quality of the results of TEX s formula layout algorithm and the complexity of its description in the TEXbook are hard to beat The algorithm is verbally described as an imperative program with very complex control ow and complicated manipulations of the data structures representing formulae In a forthcoming textbook we describe TEX s formula layout algorithm as a functional program tra...

This paper describes the combination of previously-developed component placement and routing algorithms into an integrated computational approach to product layout optimization. Previ ous work introduced simulated annealing-based algorithms for optimal component packing (Szykman and Cagan, 1995), con strained layout (Szykman and Cagan, 1997), and routing (Szyk man and Cagan, 1996). These proble...

Material handling is a loose loop in most assembly plants. Jiist-in-time (JIT) is a management philosophy that strives to eliminate sources of manufacturing waste by producing the right part in the right place at the right time. We propose to apply JIT principles to material handling in assembly plants. Material Kanbans are introduced as an effective means to control and balance the physical ma...