The topography of the cortical motor projection to the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles was investigated in 15 normal subjects using the technique of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Contrary to the long-held view that the representation of the neck muscles in the motor strip is close to that of the face, our findings indicate that the projection to both the ipsilateral and contralateral SCM...

The facial depressor muscles are an essential component of a full denture smile. In addition, the depressor muscles are actively used to express other human emotions such as sadness, anger, depression, and sorrow. Despite advances in microsurgical techniques, it is surprising how little effort has been directed toward reanimation of the lower lip. This article presents innovative approaches use...

The goal of facial rejuvenation surgery is to provide a youthful contour to an ageing face. Facelift surgery has gone through a variety of modifications during the past 20 years. Initially, only skin lifts were performed, then modification of the submuscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) and platysma surgery. This endangered the facial nerve and parotid gland. Subsequently, adjunctive procedures we...