political evolutions and struggles of 19th century prepared the ground for realization of nationalities and emergence of nationalist movements. the realization of national identity in countries such as iran, turkey and egypt was partly due to the emphasis of governments on glorious history or ancient modernity of these nations. emergence of nationalism in any country is affected by political, ...

States worry greatly about secessionist movements and the ethno-political mobilizations that can give rise to them. Political scientists agree that the institutional framework within which identity groups interact powerfully determines the goals, violence, and trajectories of such movements. However, both small N and large N researchers disagree on the question of whether “power-sharing” arrang...

Social movements contain structures of beliefs and values that guide critical action and aid activists’ understandings. These are worthy of interrogation, not least because they contain points of articulation with ideational formations found in both mainstream politics and academia. They offer an alternative view of society, economy and polity that is grounded in protagonists’ experience and st...

Context This paper is one of two that aim to explore further the theoretical framework of my research, and consider preliminary findings from the initial fieldwork. In this paper I return to the ‘political opportunities’ literature to consider what social movement theory would hypothesise about how movements emerge and have political consequences in a non-democratic context. I then test these h...