abstract: a pure nucleotide pool is an essential precursor of correct dna replication and prevention of mutagenesis and abnormality in a living cell. inosine triphosphatase (itpase) is a critical enzyme to remove any deaminated rough purine nucleotides such as inosine from nucleotide pool. it has been shown that the rate of substitution mutation in genomic dna increase by abnormal function and ...

What is punctuated equilibrium [or ‘equilibria’ as termed by one of us (N.E.)]? What is macroevolution? These are questions central to evolutionary biology. Yet, recently in an article in Trends Ecol. Evol. by Pennell et al. [1] the former is mischaracterized and the latter is not even defined. Here, we rectify these oversights by providing a definition of macroevolution, an accurate rendition ...

No proper statistical test is available for the evaluation of deviation of a single homozygous genotype from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) proportion. We propose a 1-d.f. chi2-test. The power of the proposed test is favorable compared to existing HWE testing procedures. The applications of this test are discussed.

An important question when eliciting opinions from experts is how to aggregate the reported opinions. In this paper, we propose a pooling method to aggregate expert opinions. Intuitively, it works as if the experts were continuously updating their opinions in order to accommodate the expertise of others. Each updated opinion takes the form of a linear opinion pool, where the weight that an expe...

The mechanisms by which sensible heat fluxes (SHFs) alter cold pool characteristics and dissipation rates are investigated in this study using idealized two-dimensional numerical simulations and an environment representative of daytime, dry, continental conditions. Simulations are performed with no SHFs, SHFs calculated using a bulk formula, and constant SHFs for model resolutions with horizont...

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