Hierarchical decision-making processes traditionally modeled as bilevel optimization problems are widespread in modern engineering and social systems. In this work, we deal with a leader population of followers hierarchical order play. general, problem can be leader–follower Stackelberg equilibrium using mathematical program constraints. We propose two interconnected dynamical systems to dynami...

ibn khaldun has played a major role in the shaping of pre-modern population theories. he has proposed some important issues and perspectives on the interaction of population dynamics and development. thus, this paper attempts to explore ibn khaldun’s demographic perspectives and identify his approach to population and development interrelationship. the results indicate that ibn khaldun has intr...