BACKGROUND Lumber treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) compounds has been used in residential outdoor wood structures and public playgrounds. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted a probabilistic assessment of children's exposure to arsenic using the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation model for the wood preservative scenario (SHEDS-Wood). The assessment...

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood has been most widely used in North America since the 1970s for many exterior applications such as decks, fences, playground equipment, utility poles, and others. A large volume of CCA-treated wood is currently coming out of service. Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are not without adverse environmental outcomes. Recyc...

CONTEXT Botulinum A exotoxin is used for various indications, including the treatment of dynamic forehead lines. OBJECTIVE To determine whether injection with botulinum A exotoxin reconstituted with preservative-containing normal saline (isotonic sodium chloride) is less painful than injection with exotoxin that has been reconstituted with preservative-free saline. DESIGN Two arms: (1) retr...

Thirteen nonacidic waterborne preservatives were in­ vestigated for their compatibilitywith phenol-formaldehyde adhesive on aspen veneer treated with the preservatives to retentions of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 pcf. Of these preserva­ tives, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC),DDAC with copper, DDAC with carbamate (DDACCA),sodium fluoride,and ammonium hydrogen difluoridedid not inter­ fere with a...

The use of Chromated Copper Borate (CCB) for wood treatment is known with several studies on a laboratory scale. However, there lack field to analyze the effect CCB over time. This study aimed evaluate properties Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake x grandis W. Mill ex Maiden (called E. urograndis), treated as well leaching chromium, copper and bore (Cr/Cu/B) in test. experiment, untreated (no appl...

Southern pine lumber is often treated with preservatives, but issues related to initial kiln-drying conditions and geographic source across the wide southern growth range have been suspected negatively affect subsequent permeability treatability. These effects remain poorly understood. In this series of exploratory studies, from part growing subjected different regimes was evaluated in three ph...