BACKGROUND Demyelination and axonal damage are critical processes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines elicited by inflammation mediates tissue damage. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To monitor the demyelination and axonal injury associated with microglia activation we employed a model using cerebellar organotypic cultures stimulated with...

In 1974, in Nature, we hypothesized that removal of cytokines can be effective in the treatment of certain inflammatory diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We call this approach anticytokinotherapy. Later it was shown that neutralization of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon alpha (IFN-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)...

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most devastating complications of diabetes, leading the cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). And investigations into mechanisms underlying renal inflammation may provide new insight into novel therapeutic targets for patients with DN. However, little is known about the promotion of inflammation in DN. In the present study, we examined the promotion by...

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF, are considered to be major mediators of osteolysis and ultimately aseptic loosening. This study demonstrated that synergistic interactions among these cytokines are required for the in vitro stimulation of osteoclast differentiation by titanium particles. In contrast, genetic knock out of these cytokines or their receptors does not protec...

Objective(s): It is now supposed that cytokines released during the burn injuries have a great impact on the immunological and pathological responses after the burn. The main objective of this study was to investigate the expression of some pro-inflammatory genes in the wound, spleen and blood neutrophils during the healing process of burn wounds in a murine model. Materials and Methods: The ex...

We examined the possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms of gabapentin in the attenuation of neuropathic pain and the interaction between the anti-allodynic effects of gabapentin and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression in a rat model of neuropathic pain. The anti-allodynic effect of intrathecal gabapentin was examined over a 7-day period. The anti-allodynic effects of IL-10 was measured, and the eff...

Substance use/abuse is one of the main causes depressive symptoms. Cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in particular gained significant popularity past years. There an increasing amount clinical data associating such compounds with inflammatory component depression, indicated by up-regulation pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are also well-known to regulate enzymes kynureni...

Neuroinflammation is inflammation of the nervous tissue. It be initiated in response to infection, toxic metabolites, auto immunity, traumatic brain injury and variety of causes. Exercise is a promising mechanism of prevention and treatment for disease characterized by neuroinflammation. The benefits of exercise and physical activity (PA) are well known and have effects on function of the centr...