Gradients and subgradients are central to optimization sensitivity analysis of buffered failure probabilities. We furnish a characterization based on subdifferential calculus in the case finite probability distributions and, under additional assumptions, also gradient expression for general distributions. Several examples illustrate application results, especially context optimality conditions.

Student Loans Repayment and Recovery: International Comparisons Student loans schemes are in operation in more than seventy countries around the world. Most loans schemes benefit from sizeable built-in government subsidies and, in addition, are subject to repayment default and administrative costs that are not passed on to student borrowers. We probe two issues in this paper, for 44 loans schem...

Repayment decisions—how much of the loan to repay and when to make the payments—directly influence consumer debt levels. The authors examine how minimum required payment policy and loan information disclosed to consumers influence repayment decisions. They find that while presenting minimum required payment information has a negative impact on repayment decisions, increasing the minimum require...

It is a difficulty problem to choice repayment patterns of student loan. “Conventional mortgage-type loan” and “Income contingent loan” has been performed in many countries. These loan repayment manners have their own characteristics. In this paper, we discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and would provide policy choice for student loans programs in China. These suggestions maybe supply ...

in this research, a two-phase algorithm based on the artificial neural network (ann) and a harmony search (hs) algorithm has been developed with the aim of assessing the reliability of structures with implicit limit state functions. the proposed method involves the generation of datasets to be used specifically for training by finite element analysis, to establish an ann model using a proven an...

the computation of structural failure probability is vital importance in the reliability analysis and may be carried out on the basis of the first-order reliability method using various mathematical iterative approaches such as hasofer-lind and rackwitz-fiessler (hl-rf). this method may not converge in complicated problems and nonlinear limit state functions, which usually shows itself in the f...