Reduced-genome symbionts and their organelle counterparts, which have even smaller genomes, are essential to the lives of many organisms. But how and why have these genomes become so small? Endosymbiotic genome reduction is a product of isolation within the host, followed by massive pseudogenization and gene loss often including DNA repair mechanisms. This phenomenon can be observed in insect e...

The African swine fever virus gene A179L has been shown to be a functional member of the ced9/bcl-2 family of apoptosis inhibitors in mammalian cell lines. In this work we have expressed the A179L gene product (p21) under the control of the baculovirus polyhedrin promoter using a baculovirus system. Expression of the A179L gene neither altered the baculovirus replication phenotype nor delayed t...

introduction: cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitological disease that is spread in many tropical and subtropical areas in world. this disease transmitted by female sand flies. it is clear that knowledge on sand flies ecology has the main role to planning of control of cl. this study was carried out for determination of cl vectors, in ghanavat district in qom province during 2012. material and...

abstract during these protracted years, mankind’s main foods consist of grains-specially wheat, oats and rice. granary production and its storage have been one of the main concerns of a human being for a long time. microwave radiation as a safe insect control agent could secure high mortality rate of insect population by increasing the temperature of insects’ body and its niche. low temperature...

the organization of gall on the ovary ofsesamum indicum l induced by the gall midge, asphondylia sesami felt, not only affects biochemical equilibrium of the host but also causes disturbed vegetative growth and reduced seed-setting. the toxicity created by the gall maker induces the re-orientation of vasculature cecidogenetic stimuli lead to excessive hypertrophy and hyperplasy forming the gall...

the aphid species, cinara pini (linnaeus, 1758) reported in our previous work as a new aphid on pinus trees for iran, was described using the classic method and through analysis of coi gene sequence. in the next step, we addressed the efficiency of the entomopathogenic fungus, lecanicillium longisporum (zimm.) zare and gams strain lrc 190, on the aphid. the fungus was administered to the second...

zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (zcl) is an increasing and important public health problem in iran. the use of repellents is recommended as one of the important means of personal protection against vectors of zcl. this paper reports the repellency effect of the plant myrtle, myrtus communis (myrtaceae), essential oil for protection against 3-7-day-old unfed females of the sandfly, phlebotomus ...