The efficacy of low temperatures ranging from 0 to −15 °C was evaluated against all life stages Tribolium confusum, adults Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Liposcelis bostrychophila. All species/life were exposed in empty vials or containing 5 g flour, for time intervals 2–7 d. Eggs pupae the least susceptible T. as these had highest survival at – 15 °C. Nevertheless, this temperature, an exposure...