The literature within it is the most important reason for rise of Tamil as a separate classical language. Poets play major role in creation such literature. Those who created before poets were singers. performers are farm based artists. organizer fund was called Panar. one played finger according to man Virali and performed koothu Koothar. Artists lived during Sangam period collectively Pan. Li...

Karl Marx and Leo Tolstoy never met each other, yet within their social criticisms, there is a component of anarchism. This paper asks if Marx’s and Tolstoy’s anarchistic ideas be better understood if we think of them as a form of social prophecy. This paper establishes a three component set of criteria. I analyze Marx and Tolstoy on three criteria: prophetic revelation, revolutionary doctrine,...

I would also have liked to have known what Burgel and Maulitz, who wrote the most interesting essays, make of the co-existence of lay and scientific concepts of pathology. Buirgel shows how Prophetic and Galenic systems intersected in Arabic medicine: orthodox Muslims were obliged to question whether rational, secular therapies were compatible with pious striving and trust in God's omnipotence....

Histories of Arabic and Islamic philosophy tend to focus on texts which are systematic in nature conventionally classified as or related scholarly disciplines. Philosophical principles, however, also defining features associated with other genres. Within the larger field philosophy, this might be especially true ethics within body literature case for stories. Indeed, it is sometimes argued that...

How do women gain authority in patriarchal religious social movements and how does their authority differ from that of men? This paper examines the authority of female preachers in the Islamist Salafi movement through an analysis of 21,000 texts by 172 men and 43 women on the Salafi-oriented website saaid.net. Salafi gender ideology is not friendly to women’s authority, so why are so many women...