Both contemporaries and historians have focused on the high-profile 1874 Belfast Address in which John Tyndall was widely perceived as promulgating atheism. Although some historians have instead interpreted him as a pantheist or an agnostic, it is clear that any such labels do not accurately capture Tyndall’s religious position throughout his life. By contrast, this paper seeks to chart Tyndall...

Attribution theory has long enjoyed a prominent role in social psychological research, yet religious influences on attribution have not been well studied. We theorized and tested the hypothesis that Protestants would endorse internal attributions to a greater extent than Catholics, because Protestantism focuses on the inward condition of the soul. In Study 1, Protestants made more internal, but...

Religious distinctions are key to social and symbolic bouundaries in many societies, and most certainly so in Northern Ireland. The historical patterning of religious opposition, most particularly perhaps in the conservative character of the forms of Protestantism and Catholicism in Ireland, is clear. Recent works have traced the many ways religion has fed into conflict in the present, and the ...

Abstract This essay summarises my PhD thesis composed of four chapters, which deal with various aspects social identity in 19th century Germany. The first chapter analyzes the effect nation-building cities that became part Prussia 1815. second investigates Bismarck’s carrot and stick policies on electoral success socialist party. third studies “China shock” globalisation (1880–1913)—the “grain ...