We demonstrate that the energy spectra of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) as observed by AGASA, Fly's Eye, HiRes and Yakutsk detectors , have the imprints of UHE proton interaction with the CMB radiation as the dip centered at E ∼ 1 × 10 19 eV, beginning of the GZK cutoff, and very good agreement with calculated spectrum shape. This conclusion about proton composition agrees with recent H...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Crew members on space missions inevitably are exposed to low background radiation and can receive much higher doses during solar particle events (SPE) that consist primarily of protons. Ionizing radiation could cause lung pathologies. Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are believed to participate in fibrogenesis. Interactions between CAM and extracellular matrix (ECM) affect...

Neurotransmitter vesicles are known to concentrate hydrogen ions (or protons), the simplest ion, and to release them during neurotransmission. Furthermore, receptors highly sensitive to protons, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), were previously localized on the opposite side of the synaptic cleft on dendritic spines. Now, recent experiments provide some of the strongest support to date that pr...