A small family of clock-regulated pseudo-response regulators (PRRs) plays a number of critical roles in the function of the plant circadian clock. The regulation of the PRRs is complex and entails both transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. PRR proteins engage in a number of important protein-protein interactions, some of which are modulated by modifications including phosphorylation...

Host defense requires the maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and the induction of pyroptotic cell death, which depends on the activation of inflammatory Caspases within inflammasomes by innate immune cells. Several cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been implicated in this process in response to infectious and sterile agonists...

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) play a key role in innate immunity against intracellular bacteria. NOD2 is one of the PRRs that contribute to the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We sequenced coding regions of the NOD2 gene in 377 African Americans with tuberculosis (TB) disease and 187 ethnically matched control subjects. Three common nonsynonymous single-nucleotid...

To find an effective prevention method for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), three indices from experimental and control group pigs, namely, routine blood index, serum biochemical indicators, and conventional cell factor contents of serum, are inspected. The prevention and treatment of PRRS effect are evaluated, feeding pigs with Daitai. Results show that traditional Chinese...

Due to the negative economic impact that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has on the swine industry,1,2 diagnostic techniques for this disease have gradually developed. Therefore, it is critical that veterinarians understand the advantages and disadvantages of the currently available technology associated with diagnostic assays for PRRS virus (PRRSV). Veterinarians have chan...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), is globally the most economically important disease in commercial pigs, and novel control strategies are sought. This paper explores the potential to use host genetics to decrease the impact of PRRS on reproductive sows. Commercial pig data (7,542 phenotypic records) from a farm undergoing an outbreak of PRR...

Mammalian cells possess multiple sensors for recognition of invasion by a broad range of microbes. This recognition occurs through specific molecular signatures found across various pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the m...

The innate immune system detects microbes and abnormal self through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect molecules that are either specific for microbes (such as lipopolysaccharide), present in much higher concentrations during infection (such as double-stranded RNA), or present in aberrant locations (such as cytosolic DNA) [1]. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best-describe...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Although inactivated and live vaccines are commercially available for the control of PRRS, both types of vaccine have not always proven successful in terms of generating a protective immune response, particularly in the case of inactivated vaccines. In this study, we tested w...