Fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and mammal share the interesting physiological fact that their plasma salt concentration ([Na ϩ ] pw) is virtually identical, amounting to ϳ9 g/l. This is the equivalent of a 0.9% salt solution. In humans, the [Na ϩ ] pw is maintained within a very narrow range, where its value varies by only 1% (11). Diseases that perturb the [Na ϩ ] pw are collectively known...

A mass problem is a set of Turing oracles. If P and Q are mass problems, we say that P is weakly reducible to Q if for all Y ∈ Q there exists X ∈ P such that X is Turing reducible to Y . A weak degree is an equivalence class of mass problems under mutual weak reducibility. Let Pw be the lattice of weak degrees of mass problems associated with nonempty Π1 subsets of the Cantor space. The lattice...

Let X denote a finite nonempty set, and let W denote a matrix whose rows and columns are indexed by X and whose entries belong to some field K. We study three planar algebras related to W . Briefly, a planar algebra is a graded vector space V = ∪n∈Z+∪{+,−}Vn which is closed under “planar” operators. The first planar algebra which we study, FW = ∪FW n , is defined by the group theoretic properti...

Mutual Information (MI) and normalized mutual information (NMI) are popular choices as similarity measure for multimodal image registration. Presently, one of two approaches is often used for estimating these measures: The Parzen Window (PW) and the Generalized Partial Volume (GPV). Their theoretical relation has so far been unexplored. We present the direct connection between PW and GPV for NM...

Plasma lipoproteins were isolated at d less than 1.225 g/ml from nonhuman primates of three species, cynomolgus, rhesus, and African green (vervet) monkeys. Individual lipoprotein classes were separated by high performance gelfiltration chromatography and low density lipoprotein (LDL) molecular weight was determined. A comparison was made using column configurations including TSK 3000 SW, 4000 ...

Understanding the patterns of genetic structure in the introduced range of invasive species can help elucidate invasion histories and levels of gene flow among populations. Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.; PW) is native to the Gulf of Mexico and central South America but has become globally invasive during the last three decades and little is known about the genetics of this specie...

-An algorithm that allows a market participant to maximize its individual welfare in electricity spot markets is presented. The use of the algorithm in determining market equilibrium points, called Nash equilibria, is demonstrated. The start of the algorithm is a spot market model that uses the optimal power flow (OPF), with a full representation of the transmission system and inclusion of cons...