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Denser ionisation clustering and complex DNA damage in proton Bragg peaks far exceeds that seen with conventional X-rays. This results in more efficient cell sterilisation, quantified by the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Currently, a 1.1 RBE is used to determine the clinical proton doses by dividing the usual X-rays dose by this amount. This number, derived from short-term experiment...

1Department of Applied Radiobiology, Centre of Oncology – Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Poland 2Department of Tumour Pathology, Centre of Oncology – Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Poland 3Department of Head and Neck Cancers, Centre of Oncology – Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Cracow Branch, Poland 4Department of Surgical Oncolog...

'The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Experimental Therapy, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 2The Netherlands Energy Research Foundation, Division of Radiobiology and Radioecology, PO Box 1, 1755 SG, Petten, The Netherlands; 3Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery and Washington Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, ...

The current knowledge of radiation effects is reviewed and implications for its application in healthcare considered. The 21st L H Gray conference gathered leading experts in radiobiology, radiation epidemiology, radiation effect modelling, and the application of radiation in medicine to provide an overview of the subject. The latest radiobiology research in non-targeted effects such as genomic...

Radiation dose is central to much of radiobiological research. Precision and accuracy of dose measurements and reporting of the measurement details should be sufficient to allow the work to be interpreted and repeated and to allow valid comparisons to be made, both in the same laboratory and by other laboratories. Despite this, a careful reading of published manuscripts suggests that measuremen...

Non-extensive statistical physics has allowed to generalize mathematical functions such as exponential and logarithms. The same framework is used to generalize sum and product so that the operations allow a more fluid way to work with mathematical expressions emerging from non-additive formulation of statistical physics. In this work we employ the generalization of the exponential, logarithm an...

After several decades of a profoundly reductionist approach to biology the research community is now being encouraged to be more “integrative” and this includes the recommendation to adopt “a systems biology” approach. I very much endorse this advice depending on what is meant by the term “systems biology”. So instead I use the term “systems approach” for this presentation. I will try and demon...