Rain water samples, covering 44 rain events of 2008 and 52 rain events of 2009, were collected at urban and suburban locations of Varanasi and analyzed for pH, conductivity and for metal and nutrient ions. The pH of rainwater varied between 6.3 and 7.9, with over 70% of samples having alkaline range. Volume weighed mean concentration of ions indicated Ca2+ (11.62- 41.60 microeq l(-1)) to be the...

As the planet warms, climate models predict that rain will become heavier but less frequent and that the circulation will weaken. Here, two heuristic models relating moisture, vertical velocity, and rainfall distributions are developed—one in which the distribution of vertical velocity is prescribed and another in which it is predicted. These models are used to explore the response to warming a...

How can di¤erent individuals’probability assignments to some events be aggregated into a collective probability assignment? Although there are several classic results on this problem, they all assume that the ‘agenda’of relevant events forms a -algebra, hence, is closed under taking disjunctions (unions) or conjunctions (intersections) of events. This assumption is overly demanding: in practice...

This paper elaborates on the rationale behind the proposed standard limits for the accuracy of rainfall intensity measurements obtained from tipping-bucket and other types of rain gauges. Indeed, based on experimental results obtained in the course of international instrument Intercomparison initiatives and specific laboratory tests, it is shown here that the accuracy of operational rain gauges...

Almost two decades have passed since Chile began its pioneering effort to restructure its electricity sector, followed by Argentina and England and Wales about a decade later. In almost all of the countries that have undertaken restructuring, the results have been at least a qualified success – and often a resounding success. California’s results, however, have been an unmitigated disaster. Thi...

Dual-polarization radars typically transmit horizontally and vertically polarized waves and receive polarized backscattered signals. Because illuminated hydrometeors are not spherical, their radar backscatter cross sections are not the same for the two polarizations. Hydrometeor size, shape, orientation, and thermodynamic phase can be inferred from returned signals. Polarimetric hail algorithms...

WIND SCATTEROMETRY WITH IMPROVED AMBIGUITY SELECTION AND RAIN MODELING David Draper Electrical and Computer Engineering Doctor of Philosophy Although generally accurate, the quality of SeaWinds on QuikSCAT scatterometer ocean vector winds is compromised by certain natural phenomena and retrieval algorithm limitations. This dissertation addresses three main contributers to scatterometer estimate...

[1] In maritime mountainous regions, the phase of winter precipitation is elevation dependent, and in watersheds receiving both rain and snow, hydrologic impacts of climate change are less straightforward than in snowmelt‐dominated systems. Here, 29 Pacific Northwest watersheds illustrate how distribution of seasonal snow, transient snow, and winter rain mediates sensitivity to 20th century war...

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................1 Rainfall and Runoff Characteristics for Urban Areas .............................................................................................2 Small Storm Hydrology.............................................................

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