This review was conducted to inform the scoping and development of the full report. It considers the empirical relationship between socioeconomic disadvantage and suicidal behaviour, highlighting (wherever possible) the evidence relating to the UK (as a whole or its constituent nations) and the Republic of Ireland. Socioeconomic disadvantage will be considered at both individual and aggregate l...

The recent economic recession has impacted substantially on the graduate labour market, with many graduates now struggling to find secure employment in professional careers. In this context, temporary, unpaid 'internships' have emerged as increasingly important as a 'way in' to work for this group. Yet while there has been much media and policy debate on internships, academic consideration has ...

Food processing establishments incur costs to install, maintain, and operate equipment and implement specific food safety practices. During times of economic recession, establishments might reduce their food safety efforts to conserve resources and reduce costs of operation. This study was conducted to determine whether financial performance measures are systematically associated with Salmonel...

In October 2008, Iceland experienced the fastest and deepest financial crisis recorded in modern times when all three major banks went bankrupt in less than 2 weeks. The purpose of this follow-up study is to examine potential changes in participation in 12 different gambling types and in problem gambling before (time 1; year 2007) and after (time 2; year 2011) the economic collapse in 2008. The...

Since becoming independent at the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991, the countries of Central Asia have made profound changes to their health systems, affecting organization and governance, financing and delivery of care. The changes took place in a context of adversity, with major political transition, economic recession, and, in the case of Tajikistan, civil war, and with varying degrees o...

This paper uses Benford’s Law, a mathematical law that predicts the frequency of naturally occurring numbers, to investigate the occurrence of the intentional manipulation of reported financial statement numbers during recessionary times. The analysis shows that reported financial statement data generally conforms to Benford’s Law. However, in periods surrounding recessions occurring since 1950...

Root caries is not exclusive to older individuals. Any caries-prone patient having gum recession can develop root caries. However, the elderly are usually more vulnerable to root caries because of several conditions. First, older patients are more likely to experience gum recession. Gum recession exposes the root of the tooth, which is softer than the enamel-covered crown of the tooth. Conseque...

In this paper we give a detailed analysis of the factual observation that time dilation or Doppler shift of frequency are oppositely signed relative to our line of sight in different regions of motion. We show that this depends on how these regions are connected to the actual path of motion and to the location of the observer/detector. For a static globe or circle/sphere of reference, we define...

Restoration of the normal temporal area is an essential part of modern hair restoration, but doing so is technically very difficult. That is why, in the past, hair restoration surgeons were reluctant to restore this area [1]. Various systems for classification of temporal point recession are available [2,3]. The male temporal area normally consists of a concave lower border whose superior margi...

OBJECTIVE To describe the effect of graded unilateral vs bilateral lateral rectus resection in the treatment of residual or recurrent esotropia after maximal medial rectus muscle recession. METHODS Retrospective case series of children with residual or recurrent esotropia. All children underwent initial eye muscle surgery for angles of 40 to 60 prism diopters (medial rectus recession of 5.5-6...