For a given graph G, the square of G, denoted by G2, is a graph with the vertex set V(G) such that two vertices are adjacent if and only if the distance of these vertices in G is at most two. A graph G is called squared if there exists some graph H such that G= H2. A function f:V(G) {0,1,2…, k} is called a coloring of G if for every pair of vertices x,yV(G) with d(x,y)=1 we have |f(x)-f(y)|2 an...

Let G be a finite group, and X a subset of G. The Cayley graph of G with respect to X , written Cay(G,X) has two different definitions in the literature. The vertex set of this graph is the group G. In one definition, there is an arc from g to xg for all g ∈ G and x ∈ X ; in the other definition, for the same pairs (g,x), there is an arc from g to gx. Cayley graphs are generalised by coset grap...

Let G be a simple, connected graph and let A(G) the adjacency matrix of G. If D(G) is diagonal vertex degrees G, then for every real $$\alpha \in [0,1]$$ , $$A_{\alpha }(G)$$ defined as }(G) = \alpha + (1- ) A(G).$$ The eigenvalues form }$$ -spectrum $$G_1 {\dot{\vee }} G_2$$ {\underline{\vee \langle \text {v} \rangle {e} denote subdivision-vertex join, subdivision-edge R-vertex join R-edge two...