background the x-linked cyclin-dependent kinase like 5 (cdkl5/stk9) gene has been shown to be responsible for a severe encephalopathy condition characterized by early onset of epilepsy and severe developmental delay. cdkl5 mutations have been shown to be more frequent among female patients. results here we report a 6- month male patient, second child of a healthy non consanguineous in the irani...

A 5-month-old child, previously healthy, was hospitalized with frequent episodes of tonic seizures. The seizures were controlled with antiepileptic medication. However, the parents did not continue medications after discharge from the hospital. The child was admitted several times with breakthrough seizures. Over time the seizures became refractory to treatment. Neurometabolic work up and imagi...

We investigated the clinical features and surgical outcome of 17 patients with refractory epilepsy secondary to CNS infection who were referred to a tertiary center for presurgical evaluation. Six patients had a history of meningitis and 11 patients had a history of encephalitis. Median age at infection was three years (40 days-40 years). Time to seizure onset was shorter in the encephalitis gr...

PURPOSE To derive clinically useful information about the efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive treatment with perampanel for refractory epilepsy in an outpatient setting. METHOD We pooled retrospective casenotes data of adult patients with refractory epilepsy prescribed perampanel from 18 hospitals throughout UK and Ireland. RESULTS Three hundred and ten patients were included (mean age ...

BACKGROUND Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a diagnosis that is often challenging and one that may progress to refractory NCSE. Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist that increasingly has been used to treat refractory status epilepticus. Current Neurocritical Care Society guidelines recommend intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion as an alternative treatment for ref...

PURPOSE As the initial symptoms of epileptic seizures, many types of auras have significant localizing or lateralizing value. In this study, we hypothesized that the type of aura may predict postsurgical outcome in patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). METHODS In this retrospective study, all patients with a clinical diagnosis of ...

Aetna considers vagus nerve electrical stimulators medically necessary durable medical equipment (DME) for shortening the duration or reducing the severity of seizures in members with partial onset seizures who remain refractory to optimal anti-epileptic medications and/or surgical intervention, or who have debilitating side effects from anti-epileptic medications. (Note: Electronic analysis of...

Hypomagnesaemia is a well known association of diabetes mellitus; it is often asymptomatic but may manifest as tremor, tetany, delirium, hallucinations, or, when severe, generalised seizures. In such instances it is usually associated with hypocalcaemia. We report on a diabetic patient with severe hypomagnesaemia but normocalcaemia who developed focal seizures that proved refractory to conventi...

The prevalence and localizing value of ictal belching are yet unknown. We present the case of a patient with medically refractory focal epilepsy with simple and complex partial seizures, as well as generalized seizures. One presumed seizure type comprised frequent episodes of repetitive belching. Video-EEG monitoring during these attacks showed no ictal changes. The belching episodes were induc...

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson Syndrome (DDMS) is a syndrome associated with refractory epilepsy. DDMS is a rare syndrome characterized by seizures, facial asymmetry, contralateral hemiplegia and mental retardation. The characteristic radiologic features are cerebral hemiatrophy with homolateral hypertrophy of the skull and sinuses. The case was an 18 years old female with seizures, hemiparesis of the ri...