been common to instead specify the augmented model using per capita income, which captures the same effects.3 Whichever specification of the augmented model is used, the purpose is to allow for non-homothetic preferences in the importing country and to proxy for the capital/labor ratio in the exporting country (Bergstrand, 1989). The gravity model of trade has been used widely as a baseline mod...

1750 How regional investment agreements affect the flows of foreign direct investment depends on location, the competitiveness of local firms, the motives for investment, and how the agreement affects the policy environment POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1750 Summary findings Blomström and Kokko discuss how regional investment agreements may affect the inward and outward flows of foreign direct ...

This paper examines the implications of international fragmentation of production for trade patterns in the Pacific Rim, with special emphasis on regional and global integration of countries in East Asia. The analysis reveals that the degree of dependence of East Asia on this new global division labour is much larger compared to the other countries in the Pacific Rim and Europe. Networkrelated ...

As from 2001, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has embarked on a course to deepen regional integration through restructuring. Under the new structure SADC has centralised the coordination of its activities to the Secretariat in Gaborone. The former Sector Coordinating Units have been merged into four directorates, one of which is the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FAN...

after the cold war, the concept of international security underwent a modification. among the most important components of such a transformation, the consolidation of ‘environmental security’, a topic in international security, can be taken into account. environmental security deal with threats that are not only the unintentional result of social and economic activities but are very slow in...

This paper examines the impact of various trade policies for small developing states in the face of a changing world, including globalization, proliferation of regional integration agreements (RIAs), the changing relationship between ACP countries and the EU (the Cotonou Agreement), the erosion of ACP preferences in the EU market, the EBA, and the FTAA negotiations. The paper concludes that: i)...

in the present time, phenomenon like globalization, regionalism and economic integration are the basic issues which bring many positive consequences to the world economy. regionalism and economic integration are one of the ways that developing countries can adopt to collate the globalization process. to acknowledge their own abilities or, to settle the commercial and economic disputes in their ...

While EMU will bring no change in policy regime as regards economic stabilisation at the regional (sub-national) level, the reduction of transaction costs as provided by the euro will give all regions of participating countries better access to the single market and may have an impact on regions’ competitiveness. Estimates on the static integration effects of the euro do not show a clear centre...