In crowding, the perception of a target deteriorates in the presence of neighboring elements. Crowding is not a new research area but has fascinated researchers for centuries, dating back to 1738, as outlined in Strasburger and Wade (2015). The classic example of crowding is reading where the letters of a word mutually crowd each other. Thus, not surprisingly, crowding research has started off ...

We measured the lateral mobility of integral membrane proteins reconstituted in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Receptor, channel, and transporter proteins with 1-36 transmembrane segments (lateral radii ranging from 0.5 to 4 nm) and a alpha-helical peptide (radius of 0.5 nm) were fluorescently labeled and incorporated into GUVs. At low protein-to...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent and specificity of crowding in the normal fovea and periphery, and the central field of amblyopes, using "C"-like patterns. In the first experiment we measured the extent of crowding for C-patterns comprised of Gaussian patches, over a range of target sizes using a four-alternative forced-choice (up, down, left, right) method. We found tha...

OBJECTIVES To assess whether a true knowledge of crowding alters treatment decisions compared with estimates of crowding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six orthodontists were asked to estimate crowding using visualization on eight mandibular arch study models and to indicate possible extraction choices. For each model, the intermolar widths, intercanine widths, and clinical scenarios were iden...

Views of natural scenes unfold over time, and objects of interest that were present a moment ago tend to remain present. While visual crowding places a fundamental limit on object recognition in cluttered scenes, most studies of crowding have suffered from the limitation that they typically involved static scenes. The role of temporal continuity in crowding has therefore been unaddressed. We in...

Masking and crowding are major phenomena associated with contextual modulations, but the relationship between them remains unclear. We have recently shown that crowding is apparent in the fovea when the time available for processing is limited, pointing to the strong relationship between crowding in the spatial and temporal domains. Models of crowding emphasize the size (acuity) of the target a...

Perception of peripherally viewed shapes is impaired when surrounded by similar shapes. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as "crowding". Although studied extensively for perception of characters (mainly letters) and, to a lesser extent, for orientation, little is known about whether and how crowding affects perception of other features. Nevertheless, current crowding models suggest that t...

Peripheral vision is characterized in part by poor spatial resolution and impaired visual performance, particularly when the object is surrounded by flanking elements, a phenomenon popularly known as "crowding". Crowding scales with eccentricity irrespective of the target size, both in terms of magnitude and spatial extent, which is determined by varying the target-flanker separation. However, ...

this study investigated cross-cultural differences in the privacy regulation and perception of crowding amongtwo iranian sub-cultures (kurdish and northern women).the primary purpose of this study was to examine whether northern and kurdish women differed in their desired and achieved levels of privacy in parks. the second purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the d...