This paper provides a review of the recent developments that had a major impact on the current state-ofthe-art exact algorithms for the vehicle routing problem (VRP). The paper reviews mathematical formulations, relaxations and recent exact methods for two of the most important variants of the VRP: the capacitated VRP (CVRP) and the VRP with time windows (VRPTW). The paper also reports a compar...

This paper deals with hub-and-spoke network design in the liner shipping sector. It introduces a capacitated directed cycle hub location and cargo routing problem under congestion. The involves four decisions: of ports; allocation non-hub ports to construction cyclic route at port level; between all origin-destination demand pairs network. objective is minimize cost which includes fixed opening...

Last-mile delivery costs are increasingly growing due to the rapid growth in E-commerce and proliferation of online shopping especially after COVID-19 crisis. Integrating shared location systems with home has been a new trend tackling last mile challenges. This paper studies Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Delivery Options (CVRPDO). In this problem, customers can choose between picking up t...